Production method of oil or fat containing polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing triglyceride

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a production method of an oil containing triglyceride in which medium chain fatty acids are bound to the 1- and 3-positions of the triglyceride and polyunsaturated fatty acid is bound to the 2 position by allowing lipase, which specifically acts on ester bonds at the 1- and 3-positions that has been immobilized on a porous ion exchange resin support having a pore size of about 100 Angstroms or more, to act on a mixture of medium-chain fatty acids and raw material oil containing at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid selected from the group consisting of ω6 series polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 3 or more double bonds and ω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 2 or more double bonds, but not containing ω3 series polyunsaturated fatty acid, oils and fats or triglycerides obtained by that method, and the use of the oils and fats or triglycerides in a food, beverage or pharmaceutical composition.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field

The present invention relates to an oil or fat containing a triglyceridein which medium-chain fatty acids are bound to positions 1 and 3 of thetriglyceride and at least one type of polyunsaturated fatty acid,selected from the group consisting of ω6 series polyunsaturated fattyacids having 18 or more carbon atoms and 3 or more double bonds and ω9series polyunsaturated fatty acids having 18 or more carbon atoms and 2or more double bonds, is bound to the 2 position, a production methodthereof, and a composition containing these oils or fats.

2. Background Art

Eicosapentaenoic acid (to be referred to as “EPA”) and docosahexaenoicacid (to be referred to as “DHA”) are known to be ω3 seriespolyunsaturated fatty acids that have numerous physiological functionssuch as preventive effects on adult diseases such as arteriosclerosisand thrombosis, an anticancer action and an action that enhanceslearning acquisition, and they have been used in pharmaceuticals andfoods for specified health uses. However, there has recently been agrowing interest in the physiological functions of polyunsaturated fattyacids other than ω3 series polyunsaturated fatty acids (such as ω6series and ω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acids).

The pathway by which polyunsaturated fatty acids are biosynthesized inhumans consists of two representative series, namely the ω3 series andω6 series (ω refers the number of the carbon atom where the first doublebond is located counting from the methyl terminal end of the fattyacid). Known examples of ω6 series polyunsaturated fatty acids includelinoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and arachidonicacid.

Arachidonic acid accounts for about 10% of the fatty acids that composeimportant organs such as the blood and liver (for example, arachidonicacid accounts for 11%, eicosapentaenoic acid 1% and docosahexaenoic acid3% of the fatty acid composition in the phospholipids of human blood),is involved in regulation of membrane fluidity as a major constituent ofthe cell membrane, and demonstrates various functions involved in thebody's metabolism. On the other hand, it also plays an important role asa direct precursor of prostaglandins. Recently, attention has beenfocused in particular on the role of arachidonic acid as an infantnutrient by serving as a constituent fatty acid of endogenouscannabinoids that exhibit neurergic action (such as 2-arachidonoylmonoglycerol and anandamide). Although humans are unable to synthesizelinoleic acid, following ingestion of vegetable oils, unsaturation andlengthening of the carbon chain are repeated resulting in conversion toγ-linolenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid. Thus, anadequate amount of arachidonic acid is normally synthesized if a dietrich in linoleic acid is consumed. However, in patients with adultdiseases, persons susceptible to adult diseases, infants and theelderly, as the activity of enzymes involved in biosynthesis decreases,thus causing a shortage of arachidonic acid, it is preferable to ingestarachidonic acid directly in the form of a composite fatty acid of oilsand fats (triglycerides).

Although ingested oils and fats (triglycerides) are typically hydrolyzedby pancreatic lipase when they enter the small intestine, thispancreatic lipase is specific for the 1,3 positions, enabling the1,3-positions of the triglycerides to be severed resulting in theformation of two molecules of free fatty acid, while at the same timeforming one molecule of 2-monoacylglycerol (to be referred to as“2-MG”). Since this 2-MG is extremely soluble in bile acids and has ahigh degree of absorption, 2-position fatty acids are typicallyconsidered to be easily absorbed. In addition, when 2-MG dissolves inbile acids, it plays the role of a surfactant by acting to increase theabsorption of free fatty acids. Next, the free fatty acids and 2-MGbiosynthesize bile acid compound micelles together with cholesterol andphospholipids, which are then incorporated into small intestineepithelial cells where the resynthesis of triacylglycerol takes place,after which this is ultimately released into the lymph in the form ofchylomicrons.

However, persons that require arachidonic acid at the same time alsohave weak activity of pancreatic lipase (for example, pancreatic lipaseactivity is also known to decrease with aging), which is responsible forthe first stage of oil/fat (triglyceride) absorption, and are unableabsorb adequate amounts of arachidonic acid from foods and oils and fatscontaining arachidonic acid (including arachidonic-acid containing oilsand fats in the form of microbial fermented oils and fats).

Therefore, triglycerides in which medium-chain fatty acids, which areeasily hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase, are bound to the 1,3-positionsof triglycerides and arachidonic acid is bound to the 2-position are theoptimum oils and fats (triglycerides) for persons requiring arachidonicacid. Although Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 8-214891discloses a production method of an oil or fat containing triglyceridethat contains polyunsaturated fatty acid wherein medium-chain fattyacids are bound to the 1,3-positions and a polyunsaturated fatty acid isbound to the 2-position, the only concrete description is that of aproduction method of triglyceride in which EPA or DHA is bound to the 2position, while there is no specific disclosure whatsoever of aproduction method of triglyceride in which arachidonic acid is bound tothe 2-position.

Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2000-270885 discloses amethod for producing a structural lipid in which the number of carbonatoms of the fatty acids bound to the 1- and 3-positions of the targettriglyceride is 12 or less, and 90% or more of the fatty acids bound tothe 2-position are polyunsaturated fatty acids by allowing lipase tospecifically act on the 1,3-positions of the triglyceride. Here, the oilor fat that allows the lipase to act is, for example, triglycerides inwhich 98% or more is EPA triglyceride, and this is synthesized byallowing non-position-specific lipase to act on glycerin and apolyunsaturated fatty acid or lower alcohol ester thereof whiledehydrating. However, in the above method, although a highly purepolyunsaturated fatty acid or lower alcohol ester thereof is requiredinstead of a mixture, as it is still difficult to obtain theseinexpensively, it is not realistic to produce a target product by theaforementioned method.

On the other hand, a method is known for inexpensively producing an oilor fat (triglyceride) containing polyunsaturated fatty acid byfermentation. A production method of triglyceride in which caprylic acidis bound to the 1- and 3-positions, utilizing this microbial oil, wasdisclosed by Yuji Shimada (Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering,83, 321-327 (1997) “Fatty Acid Specificity of Rhizopus delemar Lipase inAcidolysis”) wherein a microbial oil containing 25% by weight ofarachidonic acid that was available at the time as substrate wasfermented by 1,3-position specific type lipase. However, as the positionwhere the arachidonic acid binds to the triglyceride of this microbialoil is random, even if fatty acid at the 1- and 3-positions is nearlycompletely substituted by caprylic acid by the enzyme, the proportion of1,3-capryolyl-2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (to be referred to as “8A8”) inthe resulting oil does not exceed the proportion of arachidonic acidbound to the 2-position of the raw material oil even at the maximumlevel. In this case, the proportion of the arachidonic acid bound to the2-position is at most 25% by weight and, in actuality, as there are alsotriglycerides present in which arachidonic acid is bound at multiplelocations, the proportion of arachidonic acid bound to the 2-position is25% by weight or less. According to the report by Shimada, et al.(Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 83, 321-327 (1997)),although the resulting triglyceride was analyzed by high-performanceliquid chromatography, as the retention times of 8A8,1,3-capryloyl-γ-linolenoyl-glycerol (to be referred to as “8G8”) and1,3-capryloyl-2-dihomo-γ-linolenoyl-glycerol (to be referred to as“8D8”) are the same, the proportion of 8A8 in the triglyceride was notaccurately determined. However, as the total of 8A8, 8G8 and 8D8 wasabout 20 mol %, the resulting triglyceride was not satisfactory withrespect to containing 25 mol % or more of 8A8.

In the case of using a microbial oil as a raw material oil in thismanner, as the position where arachidonic acid binds to triglyceride israndom, it is necessary to use, for the raw material, a triglyceridehaving a higher content of arachidonic acid in order to enhance theproportion of the target 8A8.

However, the reactivity of 1,3-position specific type lipase to fattyacid decreases the longer the length of the carbon chain and the greaterthe number of double bonds. In addition, the location of the doublebonds, in terms of the carbon atoms at which double bonds are insertedwhen counting from the carboxyl group, is also an important element whendiscussing the reactivity of lipase. For example, although lipaseexhibits a high level of reactivity with α-linolenic acid9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid), it exhibits extremely low reactivitywith γ-linolenic acid (6,9,12-octadecadienoic acid), and although itexhibits high reactivity with DPA ω3 series(7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid), it exhibits extremely lowreactivity with DPA ω6 series (4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid).Namely, lipase has the problem of exhibiting low reactivity withunsaturated fatty acids having 3 or more double bonds in the case of ω6series polyunsaturated fatty acids having 18 or more carbon atoms, andunsaturated fatty acids having 2 or more double bonds in the case of ω9series unsaturated fatty acids. Thus, in order to obtain an oil or fatcontaining a higher concentration of a target triglyceride in whichmedium-chain fatty acids are bound to the 1,3-positions and at least onepolyunsaturated fatty acid, selected from the group consisting of ω6series polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 3or more double bonds, and ω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18or more carbon atoms and 2 or more double bonds, is bound to the2-position, it is necessary to use an oil or fat containing a higherconcentration of at least one type of polyunsaturated fatty acid,selected from the group consisting of ω6 series polyunsaturated fattyacid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 3 or more double bonds and ω9series polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 2or more double bonds, for the raw material oil or fat. However, thehigher the content of this oil or fat, the lower the reactivity and thepoorer the reaction yield. This decrease in the reaction yield resultsin the formation of a large amount of unreacted triglyceride (rawmaterial triglyceride and triglyceride in which only one of the fattyacids at the 1,3-positions have become a medium-chain fatty acid), andas a result, the proportion of the target triglyceride cannot beincreased. Thus, there is a strong need for the development of apractical method for increasing the proportion of target triglyceride.

The ω6 series polyunsaturated fatty acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, isexpected to demonstrate precursor effects on type I prostaglandins,antithrombotic action, blood pressure lowering action, antidyskineticaction, anti-inflammatory action, delayed allergy inhibitory effects,skin protective action and anticancer action as its independentphysiological actions. Thus, although there has similarly been a needfor the development of triglyceride in which medium-chain fatty acidsare bound to the 1,3-positions and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid is bound tothe 2-position, the existence of oils and fats (triglycerides) having ahigh content of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid is not known, and there are noknown findings whatsoever regarding the production of triglyceride forthat purpose.

Fatty acids of ω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acids such as5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3 ω9 series, to be referred to as Meadacid) and 8,11-eicosadienoic acid (20:2 ω9 series) are known to bepresent as one of the constituent fatty acids in animal tissue deficientin essential fatty acids. However, since they are only present in minuteamounts, their isolation and purification has been extremely difficult.These polyunsaturated fatty acids are able to become precursors of theleucotriene 3 group in the body, and their physiological activity is thetarget of considerable expectation and reported examples of whichinclude anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and anti-rheumatic action(Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 7-41421). Thus, althoughthere is similarly a need for the development of triglycerides in whichmedium-chain fatty acids are bound to the 1,3-positions and ω9 seriespolyunsaturated fatty acid is bound to the 2-position, the existence ofoils and fats (triglycerides) having a high content of 09 seriespolyunsaturated fatty acid is unknown, and there are no known findingswhatsoever relating to the production of a triglyceride for thatpurpose.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The object of the present invention is to provide an oil or fatscontaining triglyceride in which medium-chain fatty acids are bound tothe 1,3-positions, and at least one type of polyunsaturated fatty acid,selected from the group consisting of ω6 series polyunsaturated fattyacid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 3 or more double bonds and ω9series polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 2or more double bonds, is bound to the 2 position, a production methodthereof and a composition containing these oils or fats.

As a result of first conducting extensive research on an industrialproduction method of an oil or fat (triglyceride) containing 40% byweight or more of arachidonic acid in order to achieve the objective ofproducing an oil or fat containing 25 molt or more of triglyceride inwhich medium-chain fatty acids are bound to the 3-position andarachidonic acid is bound to the 2-position, the inventors of thepresent invention surprisingly obtained an oil or fat (triglyceride)containing 45% by weight or more of arachidonic acid by controlling theconcentration of the carbon source in the medium.

Moreover, as a result of conducting extensive research in order toachieve the objective of producing an oil of fat containing a highcontent of triglyceride in which medium-chain fatty acids are bound tothe 1,3-positions and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid or ω9 seriespolyunsaturated fatty acid is bound to the 2-position, an oil or fat(triglyceride) was obtained that contained a high content ofdihomo-γ-linolenic acid or ω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acid by usinga mutant strain of an arachidonic acid-producing microorganism.

Moreover, as a result of conducting extensive research with the aim ofimproving enzyme reaction efficiency, the inventors of the presentinvention surprisingly succeeded in improving a reaction efficiency byraising the reaction temperature.

Moreover, the inventors of the present invention succeeded in acquiringan immobilized enzyme having high thermal stability by selecting animmobilizing support, which made it possible to use the enzyme at a highreaction temperature, thereby leading to completion of the presentinvention. In addition, the laboratory results obtained for thesemethods can easily be scaled up to provide a method suitable forindustrial production of the aforementioned oil or fat.

Thus, the present invention provides oils and fats containingtriglyceride in which medium-chain fatty acids are bound to the 1- and3-positions of the triglyceride, and at least one polyunsaturated fattyacids, selected from the group consisting of ω6 series polyunsaturatedfatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 3 or more double bonds andω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms and2 or more double bonds, is bound to the 2-position, a production methodthereof and a composition containing these oils or fats.

According to the present invention, for example, an oil or fatcontaining 25 mol % or more of triglyceride in which medium-chain fattyacids are bound to the 1,3-positions and arachidonic acid is bound tothe 2-position, an oil or fat containing triglyceride in whichmedium-chain fatty acids are bound to the 1,3-positions anddihomo-γ-linolenic acid is bound to the 2-position, or an oil or fatcontaining triglyceride in which medium-chain fatty acids are bound tothe 1,3-positions and ω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acid is bound tothe 2-position, can be produced, they can be widely used inpharmaceuticals, foods for specified health uses and so forth due to thenumerous physiological functions of these oils and fats, and areindustrially extremely useful.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method for producing an oil or fatcontaining triglyceride in which medium-chain fatty acids are bound tothe 1,3-positions and a polyunsaturated fatty acid is bound to the2-position by transesterification of long-chain fatty acids thatconstitute the 1,3-positions of oil or fat (triglyceride) containingpolyunsaturated fatty acid to medium-chain fatty acids, and to an oil orfat containing triglycerides in which medium-chain fatty acids are boundto the 1,3-positions and polyunsaturated fatty acid is bound to the2-position.

In the present invention, in order to prevent a decrease in the reactionyield caused by an increase in unreacted oil or fat (raw materialtriglyceride and triglyceride in which only one of the fatty acids ofthe 1,3-positions has become a medium-chain fatty acid) accompanying anincrease in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid in the oil orfat (triglycerides) serving as the raw material, the enzyme reactiontemperature should be 30-50° C., and preferably 40-50° C.

Examples of lipases that can be used in the present invention whichspecifically act on the ester bonds of the 1,3-positions of thetriglycerides include those produced by microorganisms belonging to thegenii Rhizopus, Rhizomucor and Aspergillus, as well as porcinepancreatic lipase. Commercially available products can be used for theselipases. Examples of commercially available products include, but arenot limited to, the lipase of Rhizopus delemar (Tanabe Seiyaku), and thelipases of Rhizomucor miehei (Novo Nordisk, Lipozyme IM) and Aspergillusniger (Amano Pharmaceutical, Lipase A), and any lipase can be usedprovided it is specific for the 1,3-positions.

The aforementioned lipase is used in the form of lipase immobilized on aimmobilizing support for the purpose of imparting heat resistance to theenzyme in order to allow the reaction temperature to be 30° C. orhigher, and preferably 40° C. or higher, for the purpose of enhancingreaction efficiency. Although celite or ceramics have been used asimmobilizing supports, in the present invention, as a result of studyingimmobilizing supports suitable for imparting heat resistance, a porousion exchange resin having a pore size of about 100 Angstroms or more wasconfirmed to be effective.

The inventors of the present invention selected the aforementionedimmobilizing support by the process described below. Namely, an ionexchange resin is used to purify the protein, and the protein isfractioned based on the principle of adsorbing and desorbing proteinbased on ionic bonding. By using this principle, the inventors of thepresent invention reasoned that it would be possible to immobilizeenzyme in the form of protein by adsorbing it to an ion exchange resin.Hydrophilic resin supports, namely polysaccharide supports such ascellulose or Sepharose®, are commonly used for protein purification.However, the hydrophilic property becomes a hindrance totransesterification of oils or fats. Therefore, as a result ofconducting extensive studies, a polymer-type or ceramic-type resinthought to have superior lyophilicity was considered to be suitable forthis selection. These ion exchange resins are primarily used for aqueoustreatment, and have not been used for adsorptive purification ofenzymes. Next, the ion exchange resins are divided into anionic exchangeresins and cationic exchange resins. When the group of target lipaseswere adsorbed to both ion exchange resins, they were found to bereliably adsorbed onto the anionic exchange resin. Moreover, when enzymewas adsorbed onto an anionic exchange type of polymer resin, polymertypes of ion exchange resins rather than gel types resulted inadsorption of more enzyme, thereby making it possible to immobilizeenzyme with high activity. The pore size of these polymer type resinscan be changed depending on the combination of the raw materialsconsisting of styrene, vinylbenzene, phenols, acrylics, plasticizer andso forth. Since these anionic exchange resins consist of weakly basicand strongly basic types, results are shown for studies conducted usingrepresentative anionic exchange resins.

The microbial oil (having a triglyceride content of 95% or more)containing 40% by weight of arachidonic acid shown below was allowed toenzymatically react with caprylic acid, and after reacting for 2 days at40° C., the degrees of enzyme activity were compared based on the amountof caprylic acid (mol %) incorporated in the triglycerides. The reactionconditions were as shown below.

Arachidonic acid-containing oil 1.33 g (SUNTGA40S) Caprylic acid 2.66 gImmobilized enzyme  0.2 g

Reacted for 48 hours at 40° C. while shaking

(Analysis)

Following completion of the reaction, the reaction liquid andimmobilized enzyme were separated and the reaction liquid was extractedto alkalinity with hexane. A portion of the extracted triglyceridefraction was methylated with sodium methylate to obtain fatty acidmethyl ester. The resulting fatty acid methyl ester was analyzed by gaschromatography (GC) to assay the amount of methyl caprylate. As the rawmaterial arachidonic acid-containing oil did not contain caprylic acid,the caprylic acid incorporated by enzyme activity can be measured by GC.In this manner, enzyme activity was indicated as the proportion ofcaprylic acid (mol %) of the value determined by GC analysis followingcompletion of the reaction.

Immobilized enzyme 8:0 (Caprylic support Type acid) Dowex Marathon WBAWeakly anionic, porous 50.9 Dowex Marathon A Strongly anionic, gel 42.1SM-10 Ceramic 48.7 Amberlite IRA904 Strongly anionic, porous 33.5 DiaionWA 10 Weakly anionic, gel 40.1 Diaion WA 30 Weakly anionic, porous 49.8

In the above table, the ion exchange resins of Dow Chemical are definedas macroporous in the case of having a pore size of 100 to 1000Angstroms, and as a gel in the case of having a pore size of 100Angstroms or less. Mitsubishi Chemical defines those having a pore sizeof 300 Angstroms or more as being macroporous. Thus, Dowex Marathon WBA(trade name, Dow Chemical) is an ion exchange resin having a pore sizeof 100 Angstroms or more.

When the properties of Dowex Marathon WBA (trade name, Dow Chemical)were confirmed, because this resin demonstrated satisfactory results, itwas determined to be effective with respect to the following factors.

-   1. It is a porous resin having a pore size of 100 Angstroms or more.-   2. The advantages of porous types exceeded those of gel types based    on comparisons between Dowex Marathon WBA (trade name, Dow Chemical)    and Dowex Marathon A (trade name, Dow Chemical), and between Diaion    WA 10 (trade name, Mitsubishi Chemical) and Diaion WA 30 (trade    name, Mitsubishi Chemical).-   3. Although immobilized enzyme can be prepared by having anionic    exchange groups based on a comparison between Dowex Marathon WBA    (trade name, Dow Chemical) and Dowex Marathon A, (trade name, Dow    Chemical), it is more advantageous to have weakly basic anionic    exchange groups rather than strongly basic groups when producing    more preferable highly active forms.-   4. As the ion exchange capacity of Amberlite IRA904 (trade name,    Rohm and Haas) is less than that of Dowex Marathon WBA (trade name,    Dow Chemical), the resulting activity was even lower.

On the basis of these factors, the preferable form of an immobilizingsupport is not a gel, but rather a porous (highly porous) resin havingnumerous pores of 100 Angstroms or more, and preferably a support havingweakly basic cationic exchange groups rather than strongly basis groupswhile also having a high ion exchange capacity.

Moreover, this support preferably has lyophilic properties inconsideration of it being used for enzymatic conversion of lipids. Asthe enzyme reaction takes place within an oil or fat, enzyme immobilizedin the pores is also able to participate in the reaction as a result ofthe raw material oils or fats entering the lyophilic resin, therebyincreasing the reaction rate and improving reaction efficiency. In turn,as the time during which an enzyme susceptible to heat is exposed toheat during the course of the reaction is shortened, together with thisleading to extension of enzyme life, this can also be said to be asuitable method for improving productivity.

The aforementioned ion exchange resins are only meant to serve asexamples, and resins are continuously evolving and even better resinsare appearing on the market. In the case such an improved type becomesavailable, it is clear that it would have activity equal to or greaterthan that of Dowex Marathon WBA (trade name, Dow Chemical).

In the present specification, although Dowex Marathon WBA (trade name,Dow Chemical) is used for the ion exchange resin, the resin is notlimited to this immobilizing support, but rather all such resins may beused provided they are ion exchange resins capable of imparting heatresistance equal to or greater than that of the aforementioned resin.

In addition, an object of the present invention is to efficientlyproduce triglycerides in which medium-chain fatty acids are ester boundto the target 1,3-positions and polyunsaturated fatty acid is esterbound to the 2-position without causing a decrease in reactionefficiency and while maintaining position specificity even in the caseof oils or fats containing polyunsaturated fatty acid for which1,3-position specific type lipase exhibits low reactivity by using animmobilized enzyme having heat resistance. Thus, a method for impartingheat resistance other than selection of the immobilizing support canalso be used, an example of which is the imparting of a high level ofheat resistance by treating the immobilized enzyme with a crosslinkingagent such as genipin crosslinking agent.

For one part of immobilizing support, an immobilizing support issuspended in 0.5-20 parts by weight of an aqueous solution of1,3-position specific type lipase followed by the gradual addition of2-5 parts of cold acetone (e.g., −80° C.) to the suspension whilestirring to form a precipitate. An immobilized enzyme can then beprepared by drying this precipitate under reduced pressure. As an evensimpler method, 0.05-0.4 parts of 1,3-position specific type lipase aredissolved in a minimum of water and mixed with 1 part of immobilizingsupport while stirring followed by drying under reduced pressure toprepare an immobilized enzyme. Although about 90% of the lipase isimmobilized on the support by this procedure, since it does not exhibitany transesterification activity in this state, the immobilized enzymecan be activated most efficiently by pre-treating in a substrate (rawmaterial oil or fat and medium-chain fatty acids) to which 1-10% waterhas been added, and preferably in a substrate to which 1-3% water hasbeen added, followed by use in production.

Depending on the type of enzyme, the amount of water added to thereaction system is extremely important. The transesterification proceedswith difficulty if water is not contained in the reaction system, whilehydrolysis occurs if a large amount of water is present, therebydecreasing the triglyceride recovery rate (due to the formation ofdiglycerides and monoglycerides by hydrolysis). In this case, however,by using an immobilized enzyme that has been activated by theaforementioned pre-treatment, the amount of water added to the reactionsystem is no longer important, and the transesterification reactionoccurs efficiently even in the complete absence of water. Moreover,activation treatment of the immobilized enzyme by water can also beomitted by selecting the type of enzyme agent.

A raw material oil or fat serving as a substrate for the lipase in thepresent invention refers to an oil or fat that contains at least onepolyunsaturated fatty acid selected from the group consisting of ω6series polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 3or more double bonds and ω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18or more carbon atoms and 2 or more double bonds, but does not contain ω3series polyunsaturated fatty acid, and an oil or fat containing 80% byweight or more, preferably 90% by weight or more, and more preferably95% by weight or more, of triglycerides can be used for said oil.

As a result of the present invention raising the enzyme reactiontemperature by using an immobilized enzyme having heat resistance, thetarget triglycerides can be produced efficiently without causing adecrease in reaction efficiency even in the case of an oil or fat of thepresent invention that contains polyunsaturated fatty acid having a lowlevel of reactivity. Thus, in the present invention, even an oil or fatcan be used in which the total amount of at least one polyunsaturatedfatty acid selected from the group consisting of ω6 seriespolyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 3 or moredouble bonds and ω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or morecarbon atoms and 2 or more double bonds 30% by weight or more, 42% byweight or more, or 50% by weight or more, relative to the total amountof fatty acid in said oil or fat. Furthermore, examples of ω6 seriespolyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 3 or moredouble bonds include arachidonic acid and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, whileexamples of ω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or morecarbon atoms and 2 or more double bonds include 6,9-octadecaenoic acid,8,11-eicosadienoic acid and 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid.

In addition, an oil or fat can be obtained that contains triglyceridesin which medium-chain fatty acids are bound to the 1,3-positions andpolyunsaturated fatty acid is bound to the 2-position at a higherconcentration the higher the content of the same polyunsaturated fattyacid in the raw material oil or fat. More specifically, an oil or fatcan be used that contains the same polyunsaturated fatty acid at 15% byweight or more, preferably 25% by weight or more and more preferably 30%by weight or more, relative to the total amount of fatty acid in the oilor fat. More specifically, an oil or fat can be used that containsarachidonic acid at 25% by weight or more, preferably 30% by weight ormore, more preferably 40% by weight or more, even more preferably 45% byweight or more and the most preferably 50% by weight or more, relativeto the total amount of fatty acid in the oil or fat.

In addition, oil produced by microorganisms can be used for the rawmaterial oil or fat of the present invention. Microorganisms thatproduce at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid from among ω6 seriespolyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or more carbons and 3 or moredouble bonds and ω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or morecarbon atoms and 2 or more double bonds primarily as constituent fattyacid of triglycerides are preferably used as microorganisms.

Examples of microorganisms having the ability to produce arachidonicacid include microorganisms belonging to the genii Mortierella,Conidiobolus, Pythium, Phytophthora, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Mucor,Fusarium, Aspergillus, Rhodotorula, Entomophthora, Echinosporangium andSaprolegnia. Examples of microorganisms belonging to the genusMortierella subgenus Mortierella include Mortierella elongata,Mortierella exigua, Mortierella hygrophila and Mortierella alpina.Specific examples of these strains include Mortierella elongata IF08570,Mortierella exigua IF08571, Mortierella hygrophila IF05941 andMortierella alpina IF08568, ATCC16255, ATCC32221, ATCC42430, CBS219.35,CBS224.37, CBS250.53, CBS343.66, CBS527.72, CBS529.72, CBS608.70 andCBS754.68.

All of the these strains can be acquired without restriction from theInstitute for Fermentation (IFO), Osaka, Japan, the American TypeCulture Collection (ATCC), USA and the Centrralbureau voorschimmelcultures (CBS). In addition, the strain Mortierella elongataSAM0219 (NIBH Deposit No. FERM P-8703) (NIBH Deposit No. FERM BP-1239),which was isolated from the soil by the same research group that madethe present invention, can also be used.

In order to culture the microbial strains used in the present invention,spores or mycelia of that microbial strain or a pre-culture liquidobtained by culturing the microbial strain in advance are inoculatedinto liquid or solid media. In the case of liquid media, althoughglucose, fructose, xylose, saccharose, maltose, soluble starch,molasses, glycerol, mannitol or the like are typically used as a carbonsource, any of these may be used and there are no restrictions on them.Examples of nitrogen sources that can be used include natural nitrogensources such as peptones, yeast extract, wheat germ extract, beefextract, casamino acids, cornstarch stiplica, soybean protein, defattedsoybean and cottonseed residue, as well as organic nitrogen sources suchas urea, and inorganic nitrogen sources such as sodium nitrate, ammoniumnitrate and ammonium sulfate. In addition, inorganic salts such asphosphates, magnesium sulfate, iron sulfate and copper sulfate as wellas vitamins and so forth can be used as necessary as trace nutrientsources. There are no particular restrictions on these media ingredientsprovided they are at a concentration that does not impair microorganismgrowth. In practical terms, the nitrogen source should typically have aconcentration of 0.1-40% by weight, and preferably 1-25% by weight. Theinitial amount of nitrogen source added is typically 0.1-10% by weight,and preferably 0.1-6% by weight, and the nitrogen source may be addedduring the course of culturing.

A method for industrial production of oils and fats containingarachidonic acid using a strain of microorganisms belonging to the genusMortierella subgenus Mortierella has already been established(“Enhancement of Arachidonic Acid Production by Mortierella alpina1S-4”, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75, pp. 1501-1505 (1998), “Effects ofMineral Addition on the Growth Morphology of and Arachidonic AcidProduction by Mortierella alpina 1S-4”, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75, pp.1815-1819 (1998)). However, as the proportion of arachidonic acidrelative to the total amount of fatty acid is a maximum of 45% byweight, it is preferable that the arachidonic acid of the raw materialoils and fats be present at 45% by weight or more in order to produce anoil or fat (triglycerides) that contains 25 mol % or more, or 30 mol %or more, of the 8A8 of the present invention by an enzymatic method. Aneffective means of increasing the proportion of arachidonic acid is todeplete the carbon source in the medium. When the carbon source in themedium is depleted, the microorganisms assimilate the accumulated oilsand fats and, as assimilation begins with saturated fatty acids, theproportion of arachidonic acid in the triglyceride ultimately increases.Although this type of approach is possible in theory, in actuality, theamount of oils and fats (triglycerides) produced that contains a highcontent of arachidonic acid is extremely low due to assimilation oftriglyceride, making this method completely impractical as a productionmethod for supplying reaction substrate. Therefore, the inventor of thepresent invention succeeded in industrially producing oils and fats(triglycerides) that contains 45% by weight or more of arachidonic acidby controlling the concentration of carbon source in the medium.Culturing consists of an organism growth phase extending from days 2 to4 of culturing, and an oils and fats accumulation phase extending beyonddays 2 to 4 of culturing. The initial concentration of the carbon sourceshould be 1-8% by weight, and preferably 2-4% by weight, the carbonsource should be gradually increased only during the organism growthphase and early oils and fats accumulation stage, and total amount ofthe sequentially added carbon source should be 2-20% by weight, andpreferably 5-15% by weight. Furthermore, a method for industrialproduction of an oil or fat (triglycerides) having a target arachidonicacid content of 45% by weight or more has been established by making thegradually added amount of carbon source added during the organism growthphase such that the concentration of carbon source in the medium becomes0 on day 7 of culturing and beyond, preferably on day 6 of culturing andbeyond, and more preferably on day 4 of culturing and beyond, by addingthe amount of the carbon source depending on the initial concentrationof the nitrogen source.

Although the culturing temperature of arachidonic acid-producingmicroorganisms varies according to the microorganism used, it should be5-40° C. and preferably 20-30° C., and after growing the microorganismsby culturing at 20-30° C., culturing is continued at 5-20° C. to produceunsaturated fatty acid. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acidsamong the fatty acids formed can be increased by controlling thetemperature in this manner. The pH of the medium is 4-10, and preferably5-9, and culturing is carried out by aerated stir culturing, shakeculturing or stationary culturing. Culturing is normally carried out for2-30 days, preferably 5-20 days, and more preferably 5-15 days.

As another means of increasing the proportion of arachidonic acid inoils and fats containing arachidonic acid besides controlling theconcentration of the carbon source in the medium, oils and fats having ahigh content of arachidonic acid can also be obtained by selectivelyhydrolyzing oils and fats containing arachidonic acid. Since the lipaseused for this selective hydrolysis does not have position specificityfor triglycerides, and the hydrolysis activity decreases in proportionto the number of double bonds, ester bonds of fatty acids other thanpolyunsaturated fatty acids are hydrolyzed. The resulting triglyceridehas an increased polyunsaturated fatty acid content due to theoccurrence of a transesterification reaction between the resultingpolyunsaturated fatty acid partial glycerides (“Enhancement ofArachidonic Acid: Selective Hydrolysis of a Single-Cell Oil fromMortierella with Candida cylindracea Lipase”, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72,1323-1327 (1998)). In this manner, an oil or fat having a high contentof arachidonic acid obtained by carrying out selective hydrolysis on anoil or fat containing arachidonic acid can be used as the raw materialoil or fat of the present invention. A raw material oil or fat can beused as a raw material oil or fat of the present invention provided ithas an arachidonic acid content of 25% by weight or more, preferably 30%by weight or more, more preferably 40% by weight or more, even morepreferably 45% by weight or more, and most preferably 50% by weight ormore, and is not limited to that obtained by methods described in thespecification.

Moreover, the present invention is also able to use an oil or fat(triglycerides) containing dihomo-γ-linolenic acid or ω9 seriespolyunsaturated fatty acid as a raw material oil or fat.

A method for efficiently producing oil or fat (triglycerides) containingdihomo-γ-linolenic acid has already been developed by the inventors ofthe present invention (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No.5-91887). Moreover, with respect to a method for efficiently producingan oil or fat (triglycerides) containing ω9 series polyunsaturated fattyacid (such as 6,9-octadecaenoic acid (18:2 ω9), 8,11-eicosaenoic acid(20:2 ω9) or 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3 ω9)), methods forproducing an oil or fat containing ω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acidby using a mutant strain in which Δ12 unsaturation enzyme is depressedor missing, which is obtained by performing mutation treatment onmicroorganisms belonging to the genus Mortierella subgenus Mortierella,have been developed by the inventors of the present invention (JapaneseUnexamined Patent Publication No. 5-91888, Japanese unexamined PatentPublication No. 10-57085, and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No.5-91886). However, there is nothing whatsoever described regarding theproduction of an oil or fat (triglycerides), in which medium-chain fattyacids are bound to the 1,3-positions and polyunsaturated fatty acid isbound to the 2-position, by using, for the raw material, an oil or fatcontaining polyunsaturated fatty acid, and it was produced for the firsttime in the present invention. Furthermore, an oil or fat in which theproportion of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid or ω9 series polyunsaturated fattyacid has been increased by the method involving control of theconcentration of the carbon source in the medium or the method involvingthe obtaining of an oil or fat having a high arachidonic acid content byselectively hydrolyzing an oil or fat containing arachidonic acid, whichwere used as means of increasing the proportion of arachidonic acid inan oil or fat containing arachidonic acid, can also be used as rawmaterial oil or fat.

Medium chain fatty acids selected from fatty acids having 6 to 12 carbonatoms can be used for the medium-chain fatty acids used in the presentinvention. Examples of medium-chain fatty acids having 6 to 12 carbonatoms include caprylic acid and capric acid, as well as their loweralcohol esters and oils and fats having fatty acids of 6 to 12 carbonatoms as composite fatty acids, and they can be used in any form.

Although the reaction yield in the present invention has been increasedas much as possible by raising the reaction temperature as a result ofusing an immobilized enzyme having heat resistance in whichdeterioration of activity does not occur, the reaction yield can befurther increased by repeatedly carrying out the aforementionedtransesterification reaction. More specifically, after allowingimmobilized enzyme to act on a mixture of raw material oil or fat andmedium-chain fatty acids, the immobilized enzyme (lipase imparted withheat resistance) is recovered from the reaction product followed byremoval of free fatty acids by superfractionation or extraction withalkaline hexane and then adding medium-chain fatty acids to theresulting oil or fat to obtain a reaction product by allowing thepreviously recovered immobilized enzyme to act on the medium-chain fattyacids. As a result of using this method, the reaction efficiencyincreases and an oil or fat can be obtained that contains 80% or more oftriglyceride in which medium-chain fatty acids are bound to the1,3-positions. There are no restrictions on the number of reactions ofthe aforementioned steps, and the reaction can be carried out many timesprovided the enzyme does not lose activity.

The enzyme reaction of the present invention may be carried out inbatches or continuously provided a triglyceride is obtained in whichmedium-chain fatty acids are bound to the 1,3-positions and apolyunsaturated fatty acid is bound to the 2-position. Moreover, in thecase of a batch reaction, the immobilized lipase can be recovered andused repeatedly as long as it does not lose activity.

In order to obtain an oil (triglycerides) containing a targettriglyceride in which medium-chain fatty acids are bound to the1,3-positions and a polyunsaturated fatty acid is bound to the2-position, the immobilized enzyme is first separated from the reactionproduct, after which fatty acids bound to the 1,3-positions of the rawmaterial oil or fat (triglycerides) severed during transesterification,and then medium-chain fatty acids in the form of an excess of reactionsubstrate, are removed from the reaction oil or fat. Examples of methodsfor removing said fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids that can beused include the established methods of alkaline deoxidation, steamdistillation, vacuum superfractionation, column chromatography, solventextraction or any combination thereof. Furthermore, in the case ofremoving said fatty acids and medium-chain fatty acids from a largevolume of oils and fats as in the case of production on a largeindustrial scale, they are preferably removed by superfractionation.

After removing free fatty acids in this manner, the resulting oil has atriglyceride content of 95% or more, and the triglyceride content can befurther increased by removing the several percent of diglycerides andmonoglycerides present in the oil by superfractionation and so forth. Inaddition, an ordinary oil purification treatment may also be performed,as necessary, and examples include deoxidation, degumming, decoloringand deodorizing.

Examples of oils and fats of the present invention include oils and fatscontaining 30-90 mol %, preferably 30-80 mol %, more preferably 45-80mol % and most preferably 60-80 mol %, of triglyceride in whichmedium-chain fatty acids are bound to the 1,3-positions of thetriglyceride, and at least one type of polyunsaturated fatty acidselected from the group consisting of a ω6 series polyunsaturated fattyacid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 3 or more double bonds and a ω9series polyunsaturated fatty acid having 18 or more carbon atoms and 2or more double bonds, is bound to the 2-position, and examples ofpolyunsaturated fatty acid bound to the 2-position include arachidonicacid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, 6,9-octadienoic acid, 8,11-eicosadienoicacid and 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid. Specific examples of oils and fatsinclude oils and fats containing 25 mol % or more, preferably 30 mol %or more, and more preferably 40 mol % or more, of triglyceride in whichmedium-chain fatty acids are bound to the 1,3-positions of thetriglyceride and arachidonic acid is bound to the 2-position, oilscontaining 5 mol % or more, preferably 10 mol % or more and morepreferably 20 mol % or more, of triglyceride in which medium-chain fattyacids are bound to the 1,3-positions of the triglyceride anddihomo-γ-linolenic acid is bound to the 2-position, and oils and fatscontaining 5 mol % or more, preferably 10 mole or more, and morepreferably 20 mol % or more, of triglyceride in which medium-chain fattyacids are bound to the 1,3-positions of the triglyceride and5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid is bound to the 2-position.

There are unlimited possibilities with respect to the applications ofthe aforementioned oils and fats of the present invention, such as oilsand fats containing 25 mol % or more of triglyceride in whichmedium-chain fatty acids are bound to the 1,3-positions and arachidonicacid is bound to the 2-position, oils and fats containing triglyceridein which medium-chain fatty acids are bound to the 1,3-positions anddihomo-γ-linolenic acid is bound to the 2-position, or oils and fatscontaining triglyceride in which medium-chain fatty acids are bound tothe 1,3-positions and ω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acid is bound tothe 2-position, and it can be used as a raw material or additive offoods, beverages, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The oils and fats ofthe present invention are not subjected to any limitations whatsoeverwith respect to the purpose of its use and the amount used.

For example, examples of food compositions include not only ordinaryfoods, but also functional foods, nutritional supplement foods, pronatisformulas, infant formulas, baby food, foods to be consumed duringpregnancy and geriatric foods. Examples of foods that contain oils andfats include natural foods that inherently contain oils and fats such asmeats, fish and nuts, foods to which oils and fats are added duringpreparation such as soup, foods for which oils and fats are used as aheating medium such as doughnuts, oily foods such as butter, processedfoods to which oils and fats are added during processing such ascookies, and foods in which oils and fats are sprayed or coated duringfinal processing such as hard biscuits. Moreover, oils and fats can alsobe added to agricultural food products, fermented food products,livestock food products, marine food products or beverages that do notcontain oils and fats. Moreover, these may also be in the form offunctional foods or pharmaceuticals, examples of which includetransintestinal nutrients, powders, granules, troches, medicines,suspensions, emulsions, syrups and other processed forms.

The following provides a more detailed explanation of the inventionthrough its examples. However, the present invention is not limited tothese examples.

EXAMPLE 1 (Imparting Heat Resistance by Immobilization of 1,3-PositionSpecific Type Lipase)

100 g of an ion exchange resin support (Dowex Marathon WBA, DowChemical) were suspended in 80 ml of a 12.5% aqueous solution ofRhizopus delemar (Talipase Powder, Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd.) followed bydrying under reduced pressure to obtain immobilized lipase. In addition,25 g of a different immobilizing support in the form of a ceramicsupport (SM-10, NGK) were suspended in 100 ml of a 10% aqueous solutionof Rhizopus delemar (Talipase Powder, Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd.) followedby the gradual addition of 300 ml of cold acetone (−80°) while stirringto form a precipitate. This precipitate was then dried under reducedpressure to obtain immobilized lipase.

Next, 4 g of a microbial oil containing 40% by weight of arachidonicacid (containing 95% triglyceride, SUNTGA40S, Suntory Co. Ltd.), 8 g ofcaprylic acid, 600 mg of the aforementioned immobilized lipase and 240μl of water were allowed to react for 48 hours while stirring (130 rpm)at 30° C. Following completion of the reaction, the reaction liquid wasremoved to obtain activated immobilized lipase.

This activated immobilized lipase was used in the following Examples 2,3, 4, 5 and 7.

EXAMPLE 2 (Enzyme Stability Following Long-Term Reaction of ImmobilizedEnzyme)

0.48 g of immobilized enzyme (Rhizopus delemar lipase, support: DowexMarathon WBA or SM-10) were added to a mixture (substrate) of 4 g ofmicrobial oil containing 25% by weight of arachidonic acid (containing95% or more triglyceride, SUNTGA25, Suntory Co. Ltd.) and 8 g ofcaprylic acid and allowed to react for 48 or 72 hours while stirring(130 rpm) at 30° C. followed by removal of the reaction oil or fat fromthe reaction product, addition of fresh substrate and repeating the samereaction for 80 days. After this long-term reaction, the same substrateas previously described was added to the recovered immobilized enzymeand allowed to react for 48 hours at 30° C. followed by extraction oftriglyceride from the reaction oil or fat by alkaline hexane extractionat completion of the reaction. The caprylic acid (8:0) incorporated inthe triglyceride and arachidonic acid (20:4) incorporated in thetriglyceride were measured by GC analysis to determine the activity ofthe immobilized enzyme. The proportion of caprylic acid of the GCanalyzed values (proportion in fatty acid composition: mol %) is shownin Table 1 as reactivity (enzyme activity), while the proportion ofarachidonic acid of the GC analyzed values (proportion in fatty acidcomposition: mol %) is shown in Table 1 as residual specificity. As theimmobilized lipase transesterifies fatty acids of the 1,3-positions ofSUNTGA25 to caprylic acid, the amount of arachidonic acid remaining inthe triglyceride is considered to represent the amount of arachidonicacid bound to the 2-position of the triglyceride.

TABLE 1 Residual specificity Immobilized enzyme Reactivity Arachidonicacid support Caprylic acid (mol %) (mol %) SM-10 36.9 19.9 DowexMarathon WBA 44.5 18.5

Dowex Marathon WBA was indicated as being superior on the basis of theseresults. Namely, in comparison with SM-10, Dowex Marathon WBA did notexhibit a decrease in reactivity even after long-term reaction, andposition specificity was comparable to that of SM-10. Thus, DowexMarathon WBA can be easily surmised to be effective with respect tothermal stability as well.

EXAMPLE 3 (Production of 8A8 When Using as Raw Material Oil a MicrobialOil (Containing 95% or More Triglyceride, SUNTGA25, Suntory Co. Ltd.)Containing 25% by Weight Arachidonic Acid and Microbial Oil (Containing95% or More Triglyceride, SUNTGA40S, Suntory Co. Ltd.) Containing 40% byWeight Arachidonic Acid [Enzyme Reaction Treatment Repeated 3 Times])

28 g of SUNTGA25 or SUNTGA40S, 56 g of caprylic acid and 4.8 g ofimmobilized lipase (Rhizopus delemar lipase, support: Dowex MarathonWBA) were allowed to react for 48 hours while stirring (130 rpm) at 30°C. Fatty acid bound to the 1,3-positions of the raw material oil(triglyceride) that were severed during transesterification and excessreaction substrate in the form of medium-chain fatty acid were presentin the reaction oil from which the immobilized lipase had been removed,and by removing these fatty acids by alkaline hexane extraction, an oilsubjected to one round of treatment was obtained. 12 g of the oilobtained from one round of treatment, 24 g of caprylic acid and 1.8 g ofimmobilized enzyme were allowed to react for 48 hours while stirring(130 rpm) at 30° C. An oil subjected to two rounds of treatment wasobtained by removing the medium-chain fatty acids and so forth by thesame treatment as previously described. Moreover, 3 g of the oilobtained from two rounds of treatment, 8 g of caprylic acid and 0.6 ofimmobilized enzyme were allowed to react for 48 hours while stirring(130 rpm) at 30° C. An oil subjected to three rounds of treatment wasobtained by removing the medium-chain fatty acids and so forth by thesame treatment as previously described.

The fatty acid compositions (mol %) of the reaction liquid in the caseof using SUNTGA25 or SUNTGA40S for the raw material oil are shown inTables 2 and 3.

TABLE 2 Raw Material Oil: SUNTGA25 18:3 18:3 8:0 16:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 ω6ω3 20:3 20:4 22:0 24:0 Raw — 14.89 6.15 13.90 23.81 2.10 2.29 2.95 23.471.70 3.40 material oil One 48.66 2.71 1.18 7.27 14.62 2.01 1.01 2.5816.61 0.40 0.23 treatment Two 58.72 0.91 0.38 6.25 12.90 1.81 0.81 2.3814.13 0.10 0.23 treatments Three 63.80 0.56 0.22 5.71 11.95 1.86 0.722.09 11.69 — 0.11 treatments

TABLE 3 Raw Material Oil: SUNTGA40S 18:3 18:3 8:0 16:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 ω6ω3 20:3 20:4 22:0 24:0 Raw — 13.65 6.01 15.07 7.30 3.59 0.21 4.50 37.702.03 3.74 material oil One 45.46 2.48 1.16 8.16 5.51 3.31 — 3.82 26.160.50 0.79 treatment Two 56.72 0.85 0.39 6.98 4.92 2.85 — 3.47 21.80 0.220.26 treatments Three 60.75 0.51 0.21 6.45 4.68 2.69 — 3.25 19.29 0.140.11 treatments

Since the composition of fatty acids bound to the triglyceride isrepresented as mol %, the mol % of caprylic acid if all of the fattyacids at the 1,3-positions of the raw material oil were transesterifiedto caprylic acid would be 66.6%. Thus, the proportion of caprylic acidwas increased to 60% as a result of repeating the reaction.

EXAMPLE 4 (Analysis Method of 8A8)

Reactions have been reported in which the method for transesterifyingfatty acids bound to the 1,3-positions of a raw material oil tomedium-chain fatty acids using 1,3-position specific type lipase uses afish oil or TGA-25 (SUNTGA25, Suntory Co. Ltd.) for the raw materialoil. However, in both of these reactions, evaluations are made based onchanges in the fatty acid composition (mol %) of an oil (triglycerides)obtained following the reaction indicated in Example 3 and, astriglyceride in which medium-chain fatty acids are bound to the1,3-positions and polyunsaturated fatty acid is bound to the 2-positionhas not been analyzed, it was not possible to determine whether or notthe invention had been carried out. In the present example, an analysismethod is indicated using the example of 8A8, which is one of the targetcompounds of the present invention, in order to clarify the presentinvention.

8A8 is analyzed by quantifying by combining high-performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC).

[HPLC Analysis Method]

-   -   Column: Reversed phase column (Cosmosil 4.6×250 mm 5C18-MS)    -   Solvent: Acetone/acetonitrile (1:1), 1 ml/min    -   Analysis time: 55 minutes    -   Column oven temperature: 40° C.    -   Detector: Differential refractometer detector (cell temperature:        40° C.)    -   Sample: Injection of 5 μl of a 10% solution of oil        (triglyceride) dissolved in chloroform

[GC Analysis Method]

-   -   Column: Frontier Ultra ALLOY UA-17-15M-0.1F (15 m×0.25 mm×0.1        μm)    -   Column temperature: 260° C.-(1C/min)-290° C.-(10°        C./min)-390° C. (5 minutes)    -   Analysis time: 45 minutes    -   Injection port temperature: 310° C.    -   Detector temperature: 370° C. (hydrogen ionization detector)    -   Carrier gas: Helium    -   Linear velocity; 40 cm/min    -   Sample: Injection of 1 μl of a 1% solution of oil (triglyceride)        dissolved in hexane

When a triglyceride of the raw material oil in which arbitrary fattyacids are bound to the 1,2,3-positions is represented with XXX(X=arbitrary fatty acid), a triglyceride transesterified with onecaprylic acid becomes XX8, and a triglyceride transesterified with twocaprylic acids becomes 8X8. There are also triglycerides in which thefatty acid at the 2-position of 8X8 undergoes an intramolecular shiftresulting in the formation 88X due to an intramolecular shift, and inthat case, transesterification proceeds further resulting in theformation of 888.

In the case of the HPLC analysis, triglyceride can be separated at themolecular species level (however, AAP (triglyceride in which arachidonicacid is bound to the 1,2-positions and palmitic acid is bound to the3-position) and APA (triglyceride in which arachidonic acid is bound tothe 1,3-positions and palmitic acid is bound to the 2-position) cannotbe distinguished and demonstrate the same retention times). This HPLCanalysis makes it possible to calculate the proportions of 888, 8X8, XX8and XXX. However, although the target 8A8 is present in the molecularspecies group of 8X8, since 8A8, 8D8 and 8G8 unfortunately exhibit thesame retention times, they cannot be distinguished.

In the case of GC analysis, the 8A8, 8D8 and 8G8 that could not bedistinguished with HPLC analysis can be distinguished (moreover, 8A8 and88A can also be distinguished). However, although 888, 8X8 and XX8 canbe detected, XXX cannot be detected as a result of decomposing.

Thus, the proportion of 8A8 in a triglyceride can be calculated bycombining HPLC analysis and GC analysis.

The following results were obtained when the oil subjected to threerounds of treatment of Example 3 was analyzed.

Proportion Proportion of 8X8 in of 8A8 in oil (mol %) oil (mol %) Oilresulting from 3 92.5% 18.9% rounds of enzyme treatment of SUNTGA25 Oilresulting from 3 80.3% 27.5% rounds of enzyme treatment of SUNTGA40S

In this manner, the significance of the present invention was discoveredfor the first time through analysis of 8A8.

EXAMPLE 5 (Production of 8A8 Using SUNTGA40S for Raw Material Oil andEnzyme Reaction Temperature of 40° C.)

1 g of SUNTGA40S, 2 g of caprylic acid and 0.2 g of immobilized enzyme(Rhizopus delemar lipase, support: Dowex Marathon WBA) were allowed toreact for 48 hours while stirring (130 rpm) at 40° C. Fatty acids boundto the 1,3-positions of the raw material oil (triglyceride) that weresevered during transesterification and medium-chain fatty acids in theform of excess reaction substrate were present in the reaction oilfollowing removal of the immobilized lipase, and these fatty acids wereremoved using the same method as Example 3 to obtain a treated oil. Thefatty acid composition of resulting treated oil (mol %) is shown inTable 4. Furthermore, oil subjected to one round of treatment using theSUNTGA40S of Example 3 as the raw material oil is shown as a control fora reaction temperature of 30° C.

TABLE 4 18:3 18:3 8:0 16:0 18:0 18:1 18:2 ω6 ω3 20:3 20:4 22:0 24:0Temperature: 45.46 2.48 1.16 8.16 5.51 3.31 — 3.82 26.16 0.50 0.79 30°Temperature: 51.77 1.93 1.22 3.85 6.86 2.32 — 2.78 26.57 0.61 1.30 40°C.

As a result of raising the reaction temperature from 30° C. to 40° C.,substitution of caprylic acid increased from 45.46% to 51.77% andreactivity was enhanced.

EXAMPLE 6 (Production of Oil or Fat (Triglycerides) Containing 45% byWeight or More of Arachidonic Acid)

Using Mortierella alpina CBS754.68 for the arachidonic acid-producingmicroorganism, 1000 L of medium containing 2% glucose, 6% edible soybeanprotein, 0.3% KH₂PO₄, 0.05% MgCl₂.6H₂O, 0.05% CaCl₂.2H₂O and 0.1%soybean oil (pH 6.0) were placed in a 2000 L aerated stir culturingtank, and aerated stir culturing was started under conditions of atemperature of 26° C., air flow rate of 1.0 vvm, stirring rate of 80 rpmand tank internal pressure of 1.0 kg/cm²G. 5% glucose on days 1 and 2 ofculturing, 4.5% glucose on day 3 and 1.5% glucose on day 4 were addedsequentially. Moreover, the temperature was lowered to 21° C. on day 3and culturing was continued at that temperature. The glucose wasdepleted on day 7, and culturing was continued until day 16. Theproportion of arachidonic acid during the 16 days of culturing reached61% by weight, and the amount produced (as arachidonic acid) wasmaintained at 12 g/L. Furthermore, as the proportion of arachidonic acidhad already reached 60% by weight on day 13 of culturing, wassufficiently possible to shorten the duration of culturing. Theresulting microorganisms were recovered by filtration and the oil or fatwas extracted to obtain an oil or fat (triglycerides) containing 55% byweight or more of arachidonic acid (to be referred to as SUNTGA55).

EXAMPLE 7 (Production of 8A8 Using SUNTGA55 as Raw Material Oil andEnzyme Reaction Temperature of 40-41° C. [Continuous Reaction])

10 g of immobilized enzyme (Rhizopus delemar lipase, support: DowexMarathon WBA) were filled into a jacketed glass column (1.8×12.5 cm,volume: 31.8 ml) and a continuous reaction was carried out by allowing amixed oil consisting of SUNTGA55 and caprylic acid mixed at a ratio of1:2 to flow through the column at a constant flow rate. Furthermore, thecolumn temperature was set to 40 to 41° C. The flow rate and reactionefficiency of the aforementioned continuous reaction are shown as themol % values of caprylic acid and arachidonic acid present in theresulting oil (Table 5).

TABLE 5 8:0 (Caprylic acid) 20:4 (Arachidonic acid) SUNTGA55 0 57.00Flow rate (ml/h) 8:0 (Caprylic acid) 20:4 (Arachidonic acid) 2.2 53.8230.03 3.9 52.06 31.51 5.6 46.87 36.69 8.4 42.48 40.17 12.6 36.69 44.1017.6 31.24 47.04 26.4 25.27 49.38 38.7 20.03 51.21

According to the results shown in Table 5, the reaction was carried outcontinuously for 92 days using a flow rate from 3.5 to 5.5 ml/h. Thoseresults are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Number of days reacted 8:0 (Caprylic acid) 20:4 (Arachidonicacid) 1 49.60 34.32 2 53.00 31.22 10 51.75 32.87 20 50.10 34.61 35 48.1536.08 50 46.73 37.37 70 46.44 37.43 80 43.90 39.43 92 41.43 40.99

Even under temperature conditions of 40-41° C., there were no suddendecreases in enzyme activity, and continuous production was achieved for9.2 days.

The oil obtained with this continuous reaction was collected, and on day92, when the fatty acids severed by the reaction and the medium chainfatty acids in the form of the reaction substrate were removed bymolecular superfractionation, and the proportions of 8A8 and 888 in theoil were examined according to the method of Example 4, they were foundto have reached 40.1 mol % and 7.31 mol %, respectively.

Although a similar continuous reaction was carried out using immobilizedenzyme that used a different immobilizing support from that prepared inExample 1 (Rhizopus delemar lipase, support: Ceramic support (SM-10)),due to the low level of heat resistance of the immobilized enzyme, themol % of caprylic acid in the oil obtained on day 30 after the reactionwas started was 32.4%. Furthermore, when the proportion of 888 in theoil was examined according to the method of Example 4, it was found tohave reached 11.6 mol %.

Thus, even if an oil having a high proportion of polyunsaturated fattyacid is used as the reaction raw material, as long as an immobilizedenzyme of the present invention having heat resistance is used,production is possible at the practical level without suffering adecrease in reaction efficiency. In addition, as the proportion of 888is clearly low, the position specificity of the enzyme was also clearlydemonstrated to be adequately maintained despite raising the reactiontemperature.

EXAMPLE 8 (Production of Triglycerides in which Medium-Chain Fatty Acidsare Bound to the 1,3-Positions and Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid or ω9 SeriesPolyunsaturated Fatty Acid is Bound to the 2-Position When Using an Oilor Fat (Triglycerides) Containing Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid or ω9 SeriesPolyunsaturated Fatty Acid as Raw Material Oil or Fat at 40 to 41° C. ofenzyme reaction temperature [Batch Reaction])

The inventors of the present invention established a production methodof oils or fats (triglycerides) containing dihomo-γ-linolenic acid or ω9series polyunsaturated fatty acid. An oil or fat (triglycerides)containing dihomo-γ-linolenic acid was obtained by using a microorganismhaving the ability to produce arachidonic acid and decreased Δ5unsaturation activity [for example, mutant strain Mortierella alpinaSAM1860 (NIBH Deposit No. FERM P-3589)] in accordance with the methoddescribed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 5-91887, an oilor fat (triglycerides) containing ω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acidwas obtained by culturing a microorganism having the ability to produceω9 series polyunsaturated fatty acid [for example, mutant strainMortierella alpina SAM1861 (NIBH Deposit No. FERM P-3590)] in accordancewith the method described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No.5-91888, and an oil or fat (triglycerides) containing Mead acid wasobtained by performing mutation treatment on a microorganism having theability to produce arachidonic acid in accordance with the methoddescribed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 10-57085. Byculturing a mutant strain in which Δ12 unsaturation activity isdecreased or missing, and at least Δ6 unsaturation activity and/or chainlengthening activity is enhanced [for example, Mortierella alpinaSAM2086 (NIBH Deposit No. FERM P-15766)], an oil or fat (triglycerides)containing 8,11-eicosadienoic acid can be obtained by culturing amicroorganism having the ability to produce ω9 series polyunsaturatedfatty acid in a medium to which Δ5 unsaturation enzyme inhibitor hasbeen added, or additionally culturing after adding Δ5 unsaturationenzyme inhibitor to a culture liquid in which said microorganism hasbeen cultured, in accordance with the method described in JapaneseUnexamined Patent Publication No. 5-91886.

1 g of an oil or fat (triglycerides) containing 44% by weight ofdihomo-γ-linolenic acid (to be referred to as “SUNTGD”), 1 g of an oilor fat containing 16% by weight of 8,11-eicosadienoic acid (to bereferred to as “SUNTG20:2”) or 1 g of an oil or fat containing 24% byweight of 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (to be referred to as “SUNTGM”), 2g of caprylic acid and 0.2 g of immobilized enzyme (Rhizopus delemarlipase, support: Dowex Marathon WBA) were mixed and allowed to react for48 hours while stirring (130 rpm) at 40° C. Fatty acids bound to the1,3-positions of the raw material oil or fat (triglycerides) that weresevered during transesterification and medium-chain fatty acids in theform of excess reaction substrate were present in the reaction oil orfat from which the immobilized enzyme had been removed, and these fattyacids were then removed according to the same method as Example 3 toobtain a treated oil or fat. The proportions of1,3-capryloyl-2-dihomo-γ-linolenoyl-glycerol,1,3-capryloyl-2-8,11-eicosadienoyl-glycerol or1,3-capryloyl-2-5,8,11-eicosatrienoyl-glycerol in the resulting oil orfat

Furthermore, in the present example, the immobilized enzyme wasactivated according to the same method as Example 1 using 4 g of rawmaterial oil or fat, 8 g of caprylic acid, 600 mg of the aforementionedimmobilized lipase and 240 μl of water.

EXAMPLE 9 (Application to Powdered Milk)

Powdered milk having enhanced absorption of arachidonic acid wasprepared by mixing 0.3 g of triglycerides containing 40.1 mol % of the8A8 obtained in Example 7 into 100 g of powdered milk.

EXAMPLE 10 (Application to a Fat Infusion Agent)

After adding 400 g of the triglycerides containing 40.1 mol % of the 8A8obtained in Example 7, 48 g of purified egg yolk lecithin, 20 g of oleicacid, 100 g of glycerin and 40 ml of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide anddispersing with a homogenizer, distilled water for injection was addedto bring to a volume of 4 liters. This was then emulsified with ahigh-pressure spraying emulsifier to prepare a lipid latex. After adding200 ml aliquots of this lipid latex to plastic bags, the plastic bagswere sterilized by high-pressure steam for 20 minutes at 121° C. toobtain fat infusion agents.

EXAMPLE 11 (Use of a Genipin Crosslinking Agent in Immobilization of1,3-Position Specific Type Lipase)

After suspending 100 g of an ion exchange resin support (Dowex MarathonWBA: Dow Chemical) in 80 ml of a 12.5% aqueous solution of Rhizopusdelemar lipase (Talipase powder: Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd.) and gentlystirring for 2 hours, 8 ml of a 5% aqueous solution of genipin wereadded after which gentle stirring was continued for 6 hours at roomtemperature. Subsequently, 240 ml of cold acetone (−80° C.) weregradually added while stirring to form a precipitate. This precipitatewas then dried under reduced pressure to obtain immobilized enzyme.

A mixture 4 g of SUNTGA40S, 8 g of caprylic acid, 600 mg of theaforementioned immobilized lipase and 240 μl of water was allowed toreact for 48 hours while stirring (130 rpm) at 30° C. Followingcompletion of the reaction, the reaction liquid was removed to obtainactivated immobilized enzyme.

EXAMPLE 12 (Enhancement of Heat Resistance by Using Genipin CrosslinkingAgent in Activation of 1,3-Position Specific Type Lipase)

4.8 g of the immobilized enzyme obtained in Examples 1 and 11 (Rhizopusdelemar lipase, support: Dowex Marathon WBA), 28 g of SUNTGA40S and 56 gof caprylic acid were allowed to react for 48 hours while stirring (130rpm) at 30° C. The reaction oil or fat was removed from the reactionproduct followed by the addition of fresh substrate and reacting whilestirring (130 rpm) for 480 hours at 30° C., 40° C., 50° C. and 60° C.

Subsequently, the reaction oil or fat was removed from the reactionproduct and fresh substrate was added in the same manner as previouslydescribed followed by allowing to react for 48 hours while stirring (130rpm) at 30° C.

TABLE 7 Conversion Rate of 8:0 (Caprylic Acid) After Holding ImmobilizedRhizopus delemar Enzyme Obtained in Example 1 for 480 Hours at EachTemperature Activity Held Before holding After holding retention ratetemperature for 480 hours for 480 hours (%) 30 43% 54% 102 40 52% 52% 9550 54% 48% 89 60 50% 33% 66

TABLE 8 Conversion Rate of 8:0 (Caprylic Acid) After Holding ImmobilizedRhizopus delemar Enzyme Obtained in Example 11 for 480 Hours at EachTemperature Activity Before holding After holding retention rate Heldtemperature for 480 hours for 480 hours (%) 30 51% 50% 98 40 49% 50% 10250 54% 50% 93 60 50% 44% 88

As a result, immobilized enzyme treated with genipin surprisinglyretained 88% of its initial activity after holding for 480 hours at 60°C.

EXAMPLE 13

Based on the analytical results of Table 4, in the case of usingSUNTGA25 (Suntory Co. Ltd.) containing 25% arachidonic acid for the rawmaterial, the proportion of 8A8 in the oil following enzyme reaction was18.9%. Moreover, when SUNTGA40S having a high content of arachidonicacid (triglycerides containing 40% arachidonic acid, Suntory Co. Ltd.)was used for the raw material, 27.5% 8A8 oil was obtained.

A study was conducted on enzyme immobilization in particular for thepurpose of increasing the proportion of 8A8 in the oil following theenzyme reaction. As the support used for immobilization is a porousresin of an ion exchange resin (Dowex Marathon WBA), the load duringenzyme immobilization can be changed over a certain range. Therefore,immobilized enzymes were prepared by making the amount of enzymeimmobilized the same amount as Example 1, twice that amount and one-halfthat amount during immobilization of the enzyme in accordance withExample 1. Using each of these immobilized enzymes, 0.48 g of eachimmobilized enzyme was added to a mixed oil of 4 g of SUNTGA40S and 8 gof caprylic acid as raw materials in the same manner as Example 2, andallowed to react for 72 hours while stirring (130 rpm) at 30° C.

Table 9 shows the relationship between the amount of lipase contained inthe immobilized enzyme and the proportion of 8A8 in the oil followingcompletion of the reaction. Even when the enzyme reaction was repeatedthree times using SUNTGA40S, the same raw material as used in Example 4,the proportion of 8A8 in the oil was only 27.5%. On the other hand, inthe case of the immobilized enzyme shown in Table 9 (using twice theamount of Example 1), the proportion of 8A8 in the oil or fat was ableto be increased to 38.9% despite carrying out the reaction only once.

TABLE 9 Enzyme content of immobilized Proportion of 8A8 in an enzyme*oil (mol %) ½ 21.0 1 25.6 2 38.9 *Enzyme content is based on 10 g ofTalipase powder per 100 g of the immobilized enzyme of Example 1, and isindicated as a multiple of that amount.

1. An oil or fat or triglyceride containing 30-90 mol % of triglyceridesin which medium-chain fatty acids are bound to the 1,3-positions of thetriglycerides, and at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid selected fromthe group consisting of 6,9-octadienoic acid, 8,11-eicosadienoic acid,and 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid is bound to the 2-position.
 2. An oil orfat or triglyceride containing 5 mol % or more of triglycerides in whichmedium-chain fatty acids are bound to the 1,3-position of thetriglycerides and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid is bound to the 2-position. 3.An oil or fat or triglyceride containing 5 mol % or more oftriglycerides in which medium-chain fatty acids are bound to the1,3-positions of the triglycerides and 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid isbound to the 2-position.
 4. A food composition comprising blending anoil or fat or triglyceride according to claim 1 according to a specialnutritional demand.
 5. A food composition according to claim 4 wherein,the food composition is a functional food, nutritional supplement food,newborn formula, infant formula, baby food, food to be consumed duringpregnancy or geriatric food.
 6. An animal feed comprising blending anoil or fat or triglyceride according to claim
 1. 7. A therapeuticnutritional food containing an oil or fat or triglyceride according toclaim 1, and depending on the case, blended with a neutral carriersuitable for oral, intestinal or parenteral administration.
 8. Apharmaceutical composition containing at least one oil or fat ortriglyceride according to claim 1.